Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia<br> Volume 1: Overview

Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia
Volume 1: Overview

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ISBN: 971-561-110-9

Paperback (Publication Date: December 1997)
Out of Print

Environmental impact assessment (EIA), recognized as an important management tool to ensure environmentally sound and sustainable development, has been implemented in the Asian and Pacific region for the past 20 years. The document, prepared by experienced authors, provides current and relevant information in the field.

This publication provides a documentation of the following topics:

concepts
institutional aspects of EIA
methodologies and approaches to impact assessment
approaches to impact assessment and prediction
risk and uncertainty
economic analysis
social analysis
environmental monitoring
environmental management plan
review and evaluation of EIA reports
future trends in EIA

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Introduction [ PDF: 325kb | 26 pages ]

1.1 Environment and Development in Asia
1.2 EIA and Development Planning
1.3 EIA Inputs to the Project Cycle
1.4 Outputs of the EIA Process
1.4.1 Analysis of Environmental Effects
1.4.2 Environmental Management Plan
1.4.3 Environmental Monitoring Program
1.4.4 The Environmental Management Office
1.5 Challenges for the Practice of EIA in Developing Asia
1.6 References and Further Reading
Institutional Aspects of Environmental Impact Assessment in Asia [ PDF: 173kb | 32 pages ]

2.1 Legal Mandate
2.1.1 Enforcement of Environmental Legislation
2.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment: Legislative Versus Administrative Arrangements

2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Process in the Asian Context
2.2.1 Sreening
2.2.2 Scoping to Determine the Terms of Reference for EIA
2.2.3 Full Scale EIA
2.2.4 Review Process
2.2.5 Approval Process - Attaching Terms and Conditions
2.2.6 Environmental Management and Monitoring
2.2.7 Post-Audit and Evaluation

2.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Groups Involved in the EIA System
2.3.1 EIA Administrative Agency
2.3.2 Project Proponent
2.3.3 Environmental Practitioners
2.3.4 Other Government Agencies
2.3.5 The Public
2.3.6 International Assistance Agencies
2.3.7 Academic Institutions

2.4 Human Resource Requirements
2.5 Financial Resource Requirements
2.6 Participatory Development and Public Participation
2.6.1 Participatory Development
2.6.2 Public Participation
2.7 Environmental Standards
2.7.1 Meeting the Standards with an Environmental Management Plan

2.8 Guidelines and Procedures
2.9 Special Considerations for International Assistance Agencies
2.9.1 International Lending Agency IEE Procedures
2.10 Constraints to Implementing Environmental Assessment Procedures in Developing Countries
2.11 References and Further Reading
Methods for Environmental Impact Assessment [ PDF: 640kb | 63 pages ]

3.1 Ad Hoc Method
3.2 Methods for Organizing and Presenting Information
3.2.1 Checklists
3.2.2 Scales and Weights
3.2.3 Matrices

3.3 Sectoral Guidelines
3.3.1 When to Use Sectoral Guidelines
3.1.2 Existing Guidelines

3.4 The Systematic Sequential Approach
3.5 Networks
3.6 Simulation Modeling Workshops
3.7 Spatially Based Methods
3.7.1 Overlays
3.7.2 Geographic Information Systems

3.8 Rapid Assessment of Pollution Sources
3.8.1 Rapid Assessment Procedure
3.8.2 Waste Load Factors
3.8.3 Use in EIA

3.9 Summary
3.10 References
Approaches to Impact Prediction [ PDF: 657kb | 49 pages ]

4.1 Predictive Methods
4.2 Models and Modeling
4.2.1 Physical Models
4.2.2 Experimental Models
4.2.3 From Conceptual Modeling to Computer Modeling
4.2.4 Mathematical Models

4.3 Predicting Quantitative Environmental Changes
4.3.1 Air Quality
4.3.2 Surface Waters
4.2.3 Soils and Groundwater
4.2.4 Biological/Ecological Resources
4.2.5 Ecotoxicology - Impacts of Pollutants on Biota
4.2.6 Sound and Noise

4.3 References
Risk and Uncertainty in Environmental Impact Assessment [ PDF: 540kb | 45 pages ]

5.1 The Nature of Uncertainty
5.1.1 Natural Variation
5.1.2 Biophysical Measurements in the Field
5.1.3 Data Quality

5.2 Risk Assessment Deals Explicitly With Uncertainty
5.3 Performing ERA
5.3.1 Step 1 - Hazard Identification
5.3.2 Step 2 - Hazard Accounting
5.3.3 Step 3 - Scenarios of Exposure
5.3.4 Step 4 - Risk Characterization
5.3.5 Step 5 - Risk Management

5.4 Human Health Risk Assessment Methods
5.4.1 Exposure and Dose
5.4.2 Cancer
5.4.3 Dose x Potency = Risk
5.4.4 Non-Cancer Diseases

5.5 Comparative Risk Analysis
5.5.1 Criteria for Comparative Ranking of Health Risks
5.5.2 Risk - Cost - Benefit
5.5.3 Guidelines for Comparison
5.5.4 Issues in Environmental Health Risk Assessment

5.6 Ecological Risk Assessment (EcoRA)
5.6.1 Ecosystem Integrity, Resilience, Biodiversity, Health, and Sustainability
5.6.2 Ecotoxicology
5.6.3 Qualitative Comparative EcoRA
5.6.4 Qualitative Methodology
5.6.5 Procedure for Ranking Risks
5.6.6 Ecological Risk Assessment: A Hawaiian Case Study
5.6.7 Issues in Ecological Risk Assessment

5.7 Risks to Economic Welfare
5.7.1 Valuation Methods for Economic Damage to Ecosystems
5.7.2 Issues in Risks to Economic Welfare

5.8 Summary
5.9 References and Further Reading
Economic Analysis [ PDF: 124kb | 14 pages ]

6.1 Role of Economics in Environmental Impact Assessment
6.2 Steps in Economic Valuation of Environmental Impacts
6.3 Methods for Economic Valuation of Environmental Impacts
6.4 Taxonomy of the Valuation Methods
6.5 Guidelines for Economic Valuation of Environmental Impacts
6.6 Issues in the Incorporation of Environmental Values into Benefit Cost Analysis
6.7 Methods for Economic Valuation of Environmental Impacts
6.7.1 Changes in Productivity
6.7.2 Market Prices
6.7.3 Surrogate Market Prices
6.7.4 Replacement Cost
6.7.5 Contingent Valuation Methods
6.7.6 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
6.7.7 Benefits-Transfer-Method

6.8 References and Further Reading
Social Assessment [ PDF: 170kb | 22 pages ]

7.1 Social Assessment and the Project Cycle
7.2 Conducting a Social Assessment
7.2.1 Basic Steps
7.2.2 Targeting
7.2.3 Participatory Development Processes
7.2.4 Delivery Mechanisms
7.2.5 Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation

7.3 Vulnerable Groups
7.3.1 Involuntary Resettlement Planning
7.3.2 Indigenous Peoples Planning
7.3.3 Gender Analysis
7.3.4 Human Health Impacts Analysis

7.4 References and Further Reading
Application of Expert Systems [ PDF: 200kb | 30 pages ]

8.1 Terminology
8.2 Expert Systems Fundamentals
8.3 Applications of Expert Systems to EIA
8.3.1 Applications of EIA Expert Systems in Developed Countries
8.3.2 Applications for Developing Countries
8.3.3 Other EIA Decision Support Tools for Developing Countries
8.4 Anatomy of an Expert System
8.4.1 Knowledge Base
8.4.2 Knowledge Acquisition
8.4.3 Environmental Setting Databases
8.4.4 Library Databases
8.4.5 Inference Engine
8.4.6 User Interface
8.4.7 Reporting System
8.4.8 Output Databases

8.5 References and Further Reading
Environmental Monitoring Program [ PDF: 115kb | 18 pages ]

9.1 Implementing an Environmental Monitoring Program
9.1.1 Environmental Monitoring Defined
9.1.2 Monitoring Program in the EIA Methodology
9.1.3 Objectives of Project Based Environmental Monitoring Programs
9.1.4 Cost Justification for Monitoring
9.1.5 Reporting and Enforcement Capability
9.1.6 Monitoring Requirements For Effective Pollution Control

9.2 Designing Environmental Monitoring Programs
9.2.1 Analysis of Significant Environmental Issues
9.2.2 Formulation of Specific Objectives
9.2.3 Formulation of Specific Questions — Defining Assessment Endpoints
9.2.4 Construct Simple Conceptual Models of Impact
9.2.5 Selecting Environmental Indicators
9.2.6 Establish an Information Management System
9.2.7 Development of a Rigorous Sampling Design
9.2.8 Establish Rigorous Quality Assurance Quality and Quality Control
9.2.9 Prepare a Cost Estimate for the Entire Monitoring Program
9.2.10 Periodic Program Review

9.3 Examples of Monitoring from Developing Country EIAs
9.4 Post Audit and Evaluation
9.5 References and Further Reading
Environmental Management Plan and Office [ PDF: 119kb | 15 pages ]

10.1 Implementing an Environmental Management Plan
10.1.1 Modifications in Detailed Final Design
10.1.2 Construction Contractors’ Contract Requirements
10.1.3 Environmental Supervision of Construction
10.1.4 Environmental Acceptance of Completion of Construction
10.1.5 Monitoring During Operations Stage
10.1.6 Opportunities for Environmental Improvements

10.2 Environmental Management Office
10.2.1 Reporting by Environmental Management Office

10.3 Environmental Review Panel
10.4 Difficulties in Implementing the Environmental Management Plan and the Environmental Management Office
10.5 Generic Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Management Office
10.6 Xiaolangdi Project
10.7 Summary and Conclusions
10.8 References and Further Reading
Preparing an Environmental Impact Assessment Report [ PDF: 218kb | 16 pages ]

11.1 Terms of Reference
11.1.1 Scoping Defined

11.2 Contents of the EIA Report
11.2.1 Executive Summary
11.2.2 Introduction
11.2.3 Description of the Project
11.2.4 Description of the Environment
11.2.5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
11.2.6 Alternatives
11.2.7 Environmental Monitoring Program
11.2.8 Additional Studies
11.2.9 Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Management Office
11.2.10 Summary and Conclusion
11.2.11 Annexes

11.3 Managing the Preparation of the EIA
11.3.1 The EIA Work Plan

11.4 References and Further Reading
Reviewing and Evaluating an EIA Report [ PDF: 49kb | 7 pages ]

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Review Criteria
12.3 EIA Report Quality Control
12.4 Formal Review of the EIA Report
12.4.1 Two Approaches to Review
12.4.2 Section-by-Section Review of the EIA Report: A Checklist
12.5 Problems in Conducting EIA Reviews and Evaluations
12.6 References and Further Reading
Future Trends in Environmental Impact Assessment in Asia [ PDF: 91kb | 12 pages ]

13.1 Examining the Foundations
13.2 Sustainability
13.3 Strategic Environmental Assessment
13.4 Cumulative and Large Scale Effects
13.5 Decision Making
13.5.1 Screening and Scoping
13.5.2 EIA Report Quality and EIA Review
13.5.3 Monitoring

13.6 Improvements in Methods and Approaches
13.6.1 Best Practices
13.6.2 Sectoral Guidelines
13.6.3 Disciplinary Guidelines
13.6.4 Environmental Information Systems

13.7 Public Participation and Dispute Resolution
13.8 Follow-up and Post Project Analysis
13.9 Capacity
13.10 References and Further Reading

Appendix - Using the Internet as an EIA Resource Tool [ PDF: 20kb | 3 pages ]

This report was prepared by staff/consultants of the Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Asian Development Bank. Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequences for their use.

ISBN 971-561-110-9

Publication Stock No. 010598

Asian Development Bank
P.O. Box 789, 0980 Manila, Philippines

Catalog

Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia Volume 1: Overview

Contents

Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia
Volume 1: Overview