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Cambodia
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Chapter 1: Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects of Gender Relations in Cambodia
Cambodia at a Glance
1.1 Status, trends and issues1.1.1 Strong traditions grant women a lower status than men 1.1.2 The division of labor is changing 1.1.3 Women still have heavier work burdens 1.1.4 Men still make most household decisions 1.1.5 Gender relations between women and men are shifting 1.1.6 HDI, GEM and GDI are among the lowest in Asia 1.1.7 The Human Poverty Index is greater for women than men 1.1.8 Women-headed households are among the poorest in a community
Chapter 2: Gender Outlook on the Labor Market
Cambodia at a Glance
2.1 Status, trends and issues2.1.1 Labor force is growing rapidly 2.1.2 Labor force participation rates are increasing, female rates are exceptionally high by regional standards 2.1.3 Young people account for the majority of the unemployed 2.1.4 Women are over-represented in unpaid family labor, but the rate of unpaid family labor for men is on the rise 2.1.5 Female share of waged employment is rising but gender imbalances persist 2.1.6 Occupation and industry groups highly segregated by sex 2.1.7 Little support for the development of small and micro enterprises – a "hidden sector" of critical importance to 2.1.8 Women are under-represented in professions and decision-making positions 2.1.9 Level of education affects wages and job opportunities 2.1.10 Women earn less than men 2.1.11 More young people are migrating to find employment 2.1.12 The garment industry has a profound impact on women's live 2.1.13 Trade and employment policies have different implications for men and women 2.1.14 Will the proposed export processing zones benefit women? 2.2 Government policies and strategies
Chapter 3: Women, Agriculture and Rural Resources
Cambodia at a glance
3.1 Status, trends and issues3.1.1 Women have a major role in agricultural production 3.1.2 Women have a potentially more important role in reducing food insecurity 3.1.3 Extension services are minimal and women receive fewer extension services than men 3.1.4 Diminishing access to natural resources is threatening livelihoods 3.1.5 Despite a new gender-responsive land law, women are vulnerable to having their land rights ignored 3.1.6 Access to financial and non-financial services is very limited 3.1.7 Rural roads and transport is a priority for women, as well as men 3.1.8 Women also prioritize clean water supply 3.1.9 Women are under-represented in agriculture sector decision-making and the civil service 3.2 Government policies and strategies
Chapter 4: Gender Disparities in Education
Cambodia at a glance
4.1 Status, trends and issues4.1.1 The gender gap in education increases with levels of schooling 4.1.2 Enrollments are increasing in primary and lower secondary school 4.1.3 Fastest increase of school enrollment is for girls from poorest communes 4.1.4 Survival and completion rates are lower for girls than boys 4.1.5 Shortages of teachers, especially female teachers, are greatest in rural areas 4.1.6 Gender and income disparities remain largely unchanged at upper secondary level 4.1.7 Net enrollment rates have fallen, especially for boys 4.1.8 Reasons for gender disparities in secondary school 4.1.9 Gender disparities are greatest in higher education 4.1.10 Gender gaps in literacy rates increase with age 4.1.11 Vocational training options are limited - especially for women 4.2 Government policies and strategies
Chapter 5: Gender Issues in Health
Cambodia at a glance
5.1 Status, trends and issues5.1.1 Women are disadvantaged in accessing basic health services 5.1.2 Poor access to health services closely linked to poverty and women's education 5.1.3 Cambodia's maternal mortality is among the highest in the region 5.1.4 Women's nutritional status is poor 5.1.5 Unmet demand for family planning and birth spacing remains high 5.1.6 Women do not receive care during pregnancy and deliver in unsafe conditions 5.1.7 Shortage of skilled birth personnel and poor distribution of health service providers 5.1.8 Young men more likely than young women to die or suffer from accidental injury 5.1.9 Disability and drug abuse affect more men than women 5.2 Government Policies and Strategies
Chapter 6: Gender and HIV/AIDs
Cambodia at a glance
6.1 Status, trends and issues6.1.1 New infections decreasing among men, leveling off among women 6.1.2 Prevalence among sex workers has decreased as condom use has increased 6.1.3 Prevalence is decreasing among women seeking antenatal care 6.1.4 The routes of HIV transmission are changing 6.1.5 Women in direct and indirect sex work are still at risk of HIV transmission 6.1.6 Married women are more at risk 6.1.7 Strong gender stereotypes influence male sexual behavior 6.1.8 Women shoulder the burden of care and support for people with AIDS 6.1.9 Access to treatment is limited 6.2 Government Policies and Strategies
Chapter 7: Violence Against Women
Cambodia at a glance
7.1 Status, trends and issues7.1.1. The acceptance of domestic violence 7.1.2 Women who experience abuse have no way out 7.1.3 Rape: an act of violence in an environment of impunity 7.1.4 Victims of trafficking absorb the blame 7.1.5 Poverty and social upheaval contribute to sex industry growth 7.1.6 Demand for commercial sex has increased 7.1.7 Changing nature of sex work 7.2 Government Policies and Strategies
Chapter 8: Women's Voice in Politics and Decision Making
Cambodia at a glance
8.1 Status, trends and issues8.1.1 Government structure and decentralization 8.1.2 Average representation of women in the Parliament is lower than average for the region 8.1.3 Women's participation in the National Assembly is rising slowly 8.1.4 Party lists and election results 8.1.5 Once elected, women are active participants in Parliament 8.1.6 Very few women fill politically appointed positions at national and provincial levels 8.1.7 Women are under-represented in the judiciary 8.1.8 Women experience discrimination in the civil service 8.1.9 Public administration reform: Opportunity or risk? 8.1.10 Women civil servants lack access to training 8.1.11 The first commune councils reflect disappointing participation 8.1.12 The greatest participation of women is at the village level 8.2 Government policies and strategies
8.2.1 Governance Action Plan 8.2.2 Cambodian Millennium Development Goals 8.2.3 Seila Gender Mainstreaming Strategy Annex: Women Candidates in Party Lists – National Assembly Election July 2003
Chapter 9 Gender Mainstreaming – Institutional and Policy Context
9.1 Legal Framework
9.2 Institutional framework
9.2.1 The Ministry of Women's and Veterans' Affairs 9.2.2 The Cambodian National Council for Women 9.2.3 The experience of line ministries in mainstreaming gender 9.2.4 Donors and NGOs 9.3 National Policies and Strategic Planning Processes
9.3.1 Socio-Economic Development Plan II (SEDPII) 9.3.2 National Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS) 9.3.3 The integrated framework - pro-poor trade strategy 9.3.4 Cambodian Millennium Development Goals 9.3.5 Budget planning and allocation 9.3.6 National statistical systems
Chapter 10 - Conclusions and Recommendations
10. 1 The challenge of economic empowerment increases as the adult population expands
10.1.1 Formal paid employment opportunities need to expand rapidly to absorb the growing labor force 10.1.2 A broader range of formal employment choices is needed for both men and women 10.1.3 Employment opportunities in rural areas are limited and unreliable 10.1.4 Emerging opportunities, but women have limited capacity to compete 10.1.5 Recommendations 10.2 Rural women do not have the access to resources and services that would help them reduce poverty and ensure food security
10.2.1 Most of Cambodia's women farmers do not have access to the resources they need 10.2.2 Basic services such as roads and water supply are a priority for poor women as well as poor men 10.2.3 Recommendations 10.3 Gender inequality in access to health and education services is most severe among the poor, and in rural areas
10.3.1 Gender inequalities in education are worst in rural areas, and among poor people who are predominantly concentrated in these areas 10.3.2 Current health services are not reaching rural areas, and especially rural women and girls 10.3.3 Recommendations 10.4 Those that are especially vulnerable have little support and nowhere to turn to
10.4.1 Transmission of HIV/AIDS is declining, but moving into the broader population 10.4.2 Violence against women takes many forms and few services are available for victims of violence 10.4.3 Recommendations 10.5 Social, legal, and political institutions perpetuate gender discrimination and vulnerability
10.5.1 Gender-related social norms and behaviors can have negative impacts on both men and women 10.5.2 Participation of women in decision-making is essential at all levels in order to bring about improvements 10.5.3 Judicial systems and law enforcement agencies need to be held accountable through improved monitoring and reporting of their activities 10.5.4 Recommendations 10.6 Institutions still struggle to mainstream gender effectively
10.6.1 Weak governance and poor financial management are a major constraint to improving gender equality 10.6.2 The mechanisms in place to integrate gender into the budgeting and planning process are limited in their effectiveness 10.6.3 Mechanisms to mainstream gender in line agencies are weak and only partly effective 10.6.4 MoWVA's capacity to sustainably mainstream gender issues in the policy process remains weak 10.6.3 Recommendations
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