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Rehabilitation and Management of Tanks in India - A Study of Select States

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Tanks have been the main source of irrigation in many parts of India for centuries and an extensive system of rainwater harvesting structures comprising tanks and ponds have been built and maintained by the people. In recent years these have declined due to ineffective institutional mechanisms and poor maintenance. The Study examines rehabilitation and management of these traditional water bodies, under different scenarios in sixty rehabilitated tanks, in four States of India.

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Contents

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Executive Summary

1. Current State of Tank Irrigation in India

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Tanks in India

1.3 Tank-irrigated Area

1.4 Tank Irrigation in Different Regions of India

2. The Decline in Tank Irrigation

2.1 Rainfall and Tank Irrigation

2.2 Other Major Reasons for Decline of Tanks

3. The Need for Tank Rehabilitation
4. Past Experiences with Tank Rehabilitation

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Ford Foundation and Centre for Water Resources, Anna University Study

4.3 EC Tank Modernization Project in Tamil Nadu

4.4 NABARD Tank Rehabilitation Project in Tamil Nadu

4.5 World Bank Tank Rehabilitation Project in Tamil Nadu

4.6 EEC Tank Rehabilitation Project in Pondicherry

4.7 EEC Tank Rehabilitation Project in Orissa

4.8 Tank Rehabilitation in Karnataka

4.9 NGO Experiments

4.10 Lessons Learned

5. Livelihood and Gender Issues in Tank Irrigation

5.1 Livelihood Options before Tank Rehabilitation

5.2 Employment-generating Activity during Tank Rehabilitation

5.3 Other Benefits during Rehabilitation

5.4 Postrehabilitation Impact

5.5 Role of Self-help Groups

5.6 Findings of the Study

6. Tank Institutions

6.1 Traditional Institutions

6.2 Government-sponsored Institutions

6.3 NGO-sponsored Institutions

7. Protocol for Tank Rehabilitation

7.1. Hydrological Endowment and Selection of Tanks for Rehabilitation

7.2. Institutional Framework

7.3. Planning Rehabilitation Components

7.4. Investment Criteria and Financial Allocations

7.5. Execution of Work by WUAs and SHGs

7.6. Monitoring and Evaluation

7.7. Training and Capacity Building

7.8. Recommendations

8. Suggestions for Improving GoI Guidelines for Tank Rejuvenation
9. Cost of the Project and Anticipated Benefits

9.1 Cost-benefit Comparison

9.2 Benefits

10. Recommended Institutional, Policy, and Legal Changes

10.1. Institutional Changes

10.2. Panchayats and Water Bodies

10.3 Policy on Investment Pattern

10.4 Policy on Execution of Work

10.5 Equity and Poverty Alleviation Considerations

10.6 Summary of Recommendations for Orissa and Tamil Nadu

Annexes

1. Tamil Nadu and Orissa Study
2. Guidelines of the Ministry of Water Resources for Tank Rejuvenation
3. Structure of District-level Implementation Committee
4. Worksheet for Cost-benefit Analysis of Tank Rehabilitation

Glossary

Bibliography