 |
Loans
by Country |
 |
| |
Some Gender Benefits
- Jamuna-Meghna River Erosion Mitigation Project - Loan 1941,
25 Nov 2002
Vulnerable groups will be formed for self-help empowerment with
specific targets to include female-headed and lowest-income households,
who will be engaged in permanent income-generating activtiies
using water management facilities.Efforts to increase participation
of women will be carried out by NGOs and CBOs through a special
network for women WMA (water management associations) members,
fixing targets for enrollment of female WMA members, and providing
special training for women-only groups.Gender specific monitoring
indicators and gender-relevant information will be included in
the project management information system.
- Dhaka Clean Fuel Project - Loan 1943, 5 Nov 2002
Project design takes into consideration participation, equal
wages for men and women, and prevention of child labor. Improved
indoor air quality will be beneficial to women and children. Loan
covenant requires government to set employment targets for women
and ensure bidding documents and contracts would require contractors
to pay equal wages for men and women.
- Dhaka Clean Fuel Project - Loan 1942, 5 Nov 2002
Project design takes into consideration participation, equal
wages for men and women, and prevention of child labor. Improved
indoor air quality will be beneficial to women and children. Loan
covenant requires government to set employment targets for women
and ensure bidding documents and contracts would require contractors
to pay equal wages for men and women.
- Road Network Improvement and Maintenance Project - Loan 1920,
19 Sep 2002
Gender concerns that came out during social assessment will be
addressed by setting employment targets for women in construction
activities, equal wages, and prevention of child labor, and provision
of facilities for children in construction campsites. Women labor
contracting societies will be organized which will help poor and
destitute women to be more socially and economically productive.
- Southwest Flood Damage Rehabilitation - Loan 1825, 2000
Social and poverty assessment undertaken during project preparation identified poor women, especially female heads of households, as disproportionately disadvantaged. Social Rehabilitation Fund is intended to involve women beneficiaries in decision-making; in rehabilitation works, project requires community participation, preference for local labor, and equal opportunities and pay for work that both women and men can perform (supported by loan covenant).
- Roads Maintenance and Improvement Project - Loan 1789/1790, 2000
Follows example of Southwest Road Network Development Project in addressing gender concerns in road construction work: requires setting of gender-based employment targets, nondiscrimination by contractors, equal pay, provision of health and sanitation facilities for workers, and assignment of at least 50% slope protection work to women (monitoring of these provisions is included in TOR of construction supervision consultant). Resettlement plan provides for special assistance to female-headed households. A gender specialist will be engaged to monitor compliance with gender-specific provisions and project impacts on women.
- Southwest Road Network Development Project - Loan 1708, 1999
The Project requires loan targets for women in road construction and afforestation activities (to be set and monitored by the civil works supervision consultants); contractors may not discriminate against women in road construction work; all plantation and afforestation activities will be carried out by women's groups or women contracted through NGOs or community groups; a gender specialist will be engaged to monitor compliance with gender-specific provisions and project impacts on women.
View Report and Recommendation to the President
 Top
- Road Improvement Project - Loan 1763, 2000
Women constitute about 40% of road workers in Bhutan. A special study on women road workers identified their needs, and a stakeholder workshop was held to identify ways to improve working conditions of these workers. The Project is expected to improve rural women's access to markets, schools, health care and other basic services, and will enable teachers (mostly female) to commute from urban areas to village schools. The Government is also taking steps to promote awareness and prevent spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS.
View Report and Recommendation to the President
- Sustainable Rural Electrification - Loan 1712, 1999
Focus group discussions during project preparation identified likely benefits to women, of whom 30% are heads-of-households, from rural electrification, including less time required to collect fuel, reduced respiratory disease from burning fuel for heat and cooking, and indirect benefits from electrification of local health clinics, schools, and illumination of streets at night.
View Report and Recommendation to the President
Top
- Commune Council Development Project - Loan 1953, 12 Nov 2002
To support the effective operations and functions of 1,621 commune
and sankkat councils elected in February 2002, there will be strengthening
of operating facilities, capacity development, officer training,
mass media awareness, and establishment of a national civil registry
system. An efficient civil registry system will provide women
with the legal foundation for marriage, divorce, property rights,
inheritance and parentage. A decentralization and training specialist
will assess the gender impact of capacity building activities
and identify measures to enhance the role and representation of
women in a decentralized environment.
- Greater Mekong Subregion: Cambodia Road Improvement Project
- Loan 1945, 5 Nov 2002
HIV/AIDS awareness and anti-trafficking efforts will be implemented
by the Government. A loan covenant requires that labor laws are
adhered to by civil work contractors such as elimination of gender-differentiated
wages and child labor. Female participation in construction works
will be supported by the Social and Environment Division of the
Ministry of Public Works and Transport.
- Rural Credit and Savings - Loan 1741, 2000
The Project provides financial services in rural areas, which are expected to improve rural women's income-generating activities; more than 50% of sub-borrowers are expected to be women; projct monitoring will consider roles of men and women.
View Report and Recommendation to the President
Top
- Shanxi Road Development II Project - Loan 1967, 21 Nov 2002
Project should benefit women who are usually farmers and enterprise
workers by increasing productivity. Project includes specific
health measures for construction camp and itinerant health workers,
women's representation public consultations, and project performance
monitoring systems using gender-disaggregated data.Although women
comprise only 15% of labor in construction, they are assured of
equal pay and opportunities.
- Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project - Loan
1924, 1 Oct 2002
Project aims to improve the environment and promote economic
growth to improve the welfare and living conditions of rural households
by generating cleaner biomass energy and increasing agricultural
productivity through efficient utilization of agricultural wastes.
Gender analysis indicated several issues affecting women, one
of which is health risk. Health benefits for women would be a
result of cleaner cooking conditions and more time devoted to
more productive activities. A pilot poverty-focused component
on biomass production targets the poor and disadvantaged households.
Women's associations and local officials will be helped in mobilizing
the poor particularly women to participate in special training
programs on biomass technologies and take lead roles to train
other farmers. A gender specialist will assist project implementation
officers and women's groups in organizing training programs for
women on biogas digester operations, food processing, sanitation
and use of safe water, and management of income and programs will
take into consideration women's needs, i.e., shorter hours, proximity
to the house, and provision of baby sitters during training hours.
- Hebei Zhanghewan Pumped Storage Project - Loan 1922, 17 Sep
2002
Improved efficiency and reliability of electricity supply in
the HSPG(Hebei South Power Grid) will provide safety and greater
productivity particularly for women. Focus group discussions and
consultations with women will identify appropriate programs especially
during the resettlement process by involving them in resettlement
activities, giving priority in terms of employment opportunities,
special financial incentives for small businesses and subsidy
assistance to female-headed households in housing construction.
An interdepartmental advisory board including the Women's Federation
and the Minority Affairs Bureau will be involved in the participatory
process. ZPSC(Zhanghewan Pumped Storage Company) will collaborate
with poverty reduction offices in coordinating activities for
the poor such as micro-finance programs, training and services
to start small and home-based businesses suitable for the poor
particularly women. Loan covenant ensures participation of women
in project activities.
- Southern Sichuan Roads Development Project - Loan 1918, 30
Aug 2002
Women will be encouraged to participate in planning and implementing
the project. Equal wages for men and women and elimination of
child labor in construction work are assured by the Government
and the EA. Reduced travel costs, greater availability of transport
and improved road surfaces will increase mobility of women including
minority groups and facilitate marketing of surplus produce and
ease the burden of fetching water and fuelwood.
- Acid Rain Control and Environmental Improvement Project - Loan 1890, 2001
Social and poverty assessments during project preparation included
a gender assessment financed under RETA 5889, which identified
need for environmental awareness campaigns and monitoring of
project impacts on women. Project
includes public awareness campaigns specifically targeting women;
labor retrenchment plans for affected industries will include
special provisions on women workers; women will be included
in capacity-building and training programs. Loan covenants require
that any labor retrenchment be in accordance with domestic labor
laws and applicable ADB policies, and include appropriate measures
to mitigate adverse consequences on all affected persons; also
require timely implementation of specified labor retrenchment
plans (but no reference to provisions on women workers).
- Guangxi Road Development - Loan 1851, 2001
Social and poverty assessment concluded that women would indirectly
benefit from project through improved access to markets; although
women represent only 15% of labor force for road construction,
they would be given equal opportunities and pay for construction
and other work under the project. Project
requires use of local labor for road and highway construction,
with labor teams (and team leaders) to be identified and trained
with assistance from the All-China Women's Federation. Covenants
in project agreement on use of local labor, GAD and health risks
are similar to those for Loan 1838.
- Ganzhou-Longyan Railway - Loan 1850, 2001
Public consultations during project preparation included meetings
with Ganzhou and Yudu County Women's Federation; social analysis
indicated no negative gender impacts associated with project.
Women will have employment opportunities under project; local
representatives of All-China Women's Federation will be involved
in implementation of resettlement plan; monitoring and evaluation
of project impacts will give special attention to female-headed
households. Loan
covenants on GAD and health risks are similar to those in
project agreements for Loans 1838 and 1851; loan agreement also
requires that half the unskilled labor for construction of project
facilities be hired from poor households (but no reference to
gender balance).
- Yellow River Flood Management Sector - Loan 1835, 2001
Gender analysis and participatory assessments were carried
out during project preparation. All village flood protection
subprojects, and flood control subprojects that require resettlement,
will include gender analysis, promote gender equity and follow
ADB's sectoral gender checklists. Covenants in loan
and project agreements support these design features and
also require monitoring of project impacts on women through
collection and analysis of gender-disaggregated data; consultation
with local members of the All China Women's Federation and incorporation
of their recommendations in project implementation; and equal
access for women to employment opportunities in subprojects.
- Shanxi Road Development - Loan 1838, 2001
Social and poverty assessment during project preparation included
meeting with members of Weinan City Women's Federation, who
noted indirect benefits of project for women through improved
access to health services, schools and markets. Monitoring and
evaluation system for project will track percentage of women
in labor force and wage levels for local road construction;
socioeconomic impacts of project will also be monitored by a
local institute. Covenants
in project agreement require use of local labor; general
compliance with ADB's Policy on GAD and encouragement to women
to participate in project activities, including construction
work; monitoring of project impacts on women in consultation
with the All-China Women's Federation at provincial and local
levels; and dissemination of information on risks of STDs to
construction workers and transport operators.
- Chongqing-Guizhou Roads Development Project - Loan 1783, 2000
Poverty assessments included gender analysis; women will have equal access to construction, operation and maintenance jobs under project; resettlement plan requires consultation with representatives of the All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) on entitlements, especially for female household heads. Loan covenants support efforts to encourage women's participation; monitoring of project impacts on women under the project monitoring system and resettlement plan, in consultation with the ACWF; and dissemination of information on sexually transmitted disease risks to construction workers and transport operators.
- Southern Yunnan Road Development - Loan 1691 1999
Special study was undertaken during project preparation to
assess likely positive and negative impacts on women; feeder
roads are expected to improve rural women's access to markets
and social services, but entail health risks, especially from
HIV transmission. Loan
covenants require training of all contract workers on health
issues; dissemination of information on STDs to road construction
workers and transport operators; monitoring of effects of project
on women through gender-disaggregated data collection; and consultation
between the executing agency and the All China Women's Federation
during implementation. Project's resettlement plan also provides
special assistance to female-headed households.
- Wind Power Development Project - Loan 1818, 2000
Special study of gender impacts, including consultations with community women, was conducted during project preparation. It identified several potential benefits of wind-powered energy for women, including reduced housework, improved health conditions and greater access to education for girls.
Top
- Modernizing Government and Fiscal Reform in Kerala Program
- Loan 1974, 27 Nov 2002
The program loan aims to contribute to the government's poverty
reduction and development strategy by improving the targeting
and quality of poverty reduction programs and social services.
In line with the reforms to strengthen functions and structures
of state public enterprises and local governments, working groups
in local governments have been involved in the formulation antipoverty
subplans. Of 600 officials trained, at least 10% must be women.
Poverty reduction schemes will benefit poor women. Policy measures
for a Social Safety Net(SSN) and Voluntary Retirement Scheme(VRS)
should mitigate adverse impact of SLPE(State Level Public Enterprise)
reforms on women. Consultations with affected employees are part
of mitigation measures in developing polcies for SSN and VRS.
- Madhya Pradesh State Roads Sector Development Program - Loan
1958, 14 Nov 2002
Concerns raised by poor and women during project preparation
include road inaccessibility, road safety, lack of bus stops in
villages, and substantial wage differentials. Although program
encourages setting employment targets for women and imposition
of equal wages, the RRP states that a gender strategy is not required
by the program. But a loan covenant requires the Government to
ensure employment targets for women are achieved and that contractors
provide equal wages for men and women. A consultant will develop
workshops to educate the poor, especially women, and to ensure
their increased participation in political and social activities
of the community.
- East West Corridor Project - Loan 1944, 5 Nov 2002
Stakeholder consultations during project preparation included
women and other vulnerable groups. Resettlement plan includes
provisions for resettled households headed by women to receive
additional assistance to restore income. Ongoing poverty reduction
programs to rehabilitate child workers will also target families
of child laborers in small business enterprises. An information
and education campaign on the risks of HIV/AIDS will also be conducted
at campsites, in communities along the highway, at truck stops
and for rural women. Loan covenant supports social measures to
be undertaken during project implementation.
- Gujarat Earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project - Loan 1826, 2001
Livelihood rehabilitation component targets women left destitute by the earthquake for restoration of livelihoods through retraining, provision of tools and marketing support.
View Report
and Recommendation to the President
- Western Transport Corridor - Loan 1839, 2001
Poverty assessment identified indirect benefits of project for women through improved access to health facilities, schools and markets. RRP also includes discussion of risk of HIV/AIDS transmission from the influx of construction labor in the project area, as well as risk that contractors might use child labor, and confirms agreement with the executing agency to include appropriate provisions in civil works contracts to address these risks. 50% of personnel engaged from NGOs to assist in resettlement offices will be women. Loan covenants support the 50% target for NGO personnel assisting with resettlement and requirement that civil works contracts provide for HIV/AIDS awareness programs for workers and prohibit use of child labor.
View Report and
Recommendation to the President
- West Bengal Corridor Development - Loan 1870, 2001
Poverty assessment identified indirect benefits of project
for women through improved access to health facilities and schools;
social analysis also identified several interrelated social
and health issues such as road safety, trafficking of women
and children, and spread of HIV/AIDS. Project includes construction
of bus stops and other amenities, pedestrian walkways and crossings,
street lighting and other safety measures; resettlement plan
includes provision for improving awareness about road safety,
trafficking of women and children, sex trade and spread of STDs;
civil works contractors will be required to conduct information
campaigns on STDs and HIV/AIDS for construction workers, and
to extend the campaign to surrounding communities through suitably
experienced NGOs; the construction supervision consultant will
monitor contractors' performance in this area. Grievance redress
committees under resettlement plan will include women. Loan
agreement requires provisions in civil works contracts on
child labor, equal pay for equal work and awareness-raising
about the spread of HIV/AIDS and STDs, and provisions in contracts
for construction supervision consultants on monitoring of contractors'
obligations relating to child labor and HIV/AIDS and STDs.
- Calcutta Environmental Improvement - Loan 1813, 2000
A special study on gender impacts was undertaken for resettlement plan (RP), including consultations with affected women on resettlement sites and alternative livelihood opportunities; at least 50% of community resettlement committee members will be women; more vulnerable women will receive additional assistance under RP; social development unit of executing agency and external monitoring body will monitor impacts on women.
View Report
and Recommendation to the President
- Karnataka Urban Development & Coastal Environmental Management - Loan 1704, 1999
Groups of disadvantaged women were consulted on their priorities
and ability/willingness to pay for urban infrastructure improvements
during project preparation. The
Project facilitates formation of self-help groups, especially
among poor women, to obtain training and financing for income-earning
activities, with links to an urban employment program geared
to poor women; encourages local governments to reserve 30% commercial
space in new markets for women vendors; and supports microfinance
for women slumdwellers with involvement of NGOs and CBOs.
Top
- Industrial Competitiveness and Small and Medium Enterprise Development Project- Loan 1738, 2000
Women entrepreneurs will be represented in the Small and medium enterprise (SME) Task Force convened under the program to develop a strategy for SME development; a piggy-back TA will assess gender biases in the provision of credit and other support to SMEs, identify constraints facing women as employers and employees in the SME sector, and evaluate the impact of the economic crisis from a gender perspective.
Top
- Almaty-Bishkek Regional Roads Rehabilitation Project - Loan 1774/1775, 2000
Social assessments included consultations with women's groups and gender bureau; and identified women engineers and surveyors as available for employment under the project; assessment also identified the risk of sexually transmitted disease (STD) transmission in connection with the project. The project provides for training and publicity on STD risk and collection of gender-disaggregated data for project monitoring purposes; supervision consultants' terms of reference include organizing training and publicity on STD risk for road construction workers and road users, and collection of gender-disaggregated data on project implementation. Loan covenants support these design features.
Top
- Third Road Rehabilitation - Loan 1853, 2001
The Project will encourage use of local labor and materials; although women account for a small percentage of road construction workers, they will have equal opportunities and pay for construction and other work under the project; social benefits of project include improved bus shelters and construction of pedestrian walkways; precautionary measures will also be taken against spread of STDs; and monitoring and evaluation system will track poverty, social and gender impacts based on gender-disaggregated data, including employment of women in project activities. TOR for construction supervision consultant include monitoring of jobs created in construction and maintenance, based on gender-disaggregated data, and supervision of training and publicity on risk of STDs for road construction workers and road users.
Loan covenants require use of local labor and materials, and payment of wages above poverty level; general compliance with ADB's Policy on GAD and measures to encourage women's participation in project activities; monitoring of project impacts on women in consultation with local governments and women's associations; and dissemination of materials in Russian on risk of STDs to construction workers and transport operators.
Top
- Smallholder Development Project - Loan 1949, 7 Nov 2002
Initial social assessment pointed out that poor households are
characterized by high levels of dependency and low labor productivity.
Female-headed households often fall into this category. There
is a need to support poor smallholders (including women and ethnic
minorities) through improved technologies, training and extension
services, access to financial services, improved access to markets,
and linkages with agribusiness operations in order to increase
food security, employment and agricultural incomes. The RRP mentions
a gender strategy but none is attached to the RRP.
- Rural Access Roads - Loan 1795, 2000
Improved roads are expected to benefit women through improved access to water sources, food sources, and health facilities and services. The Project includes information campaign on prevention of sexually-transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.
- GMS:East-West Economic Corridor - Loan 1727, 1999
Gender analysis was conducted during project preparation to assess both positive and negative impacts on women. Improved roads are expected to provide women with more employment opportunities, better access to health, education and other basic services. Information campaigns and training will discourage trafficking in women and girls and the spread of HIV/AIDS; information campaigns and training are supported by loan covenants.
- Water Supply and Sanitation Project - Loan 1710, 1999
Project is expected to benefit women and girls, who traditionally gather and carry water for household use; project includes community education in health and sanitation and community awareness and participation programs, which will encourage women to participate in community decision-making; NGOs managing these programs will collaborate with Lao Women's Union; project monitoring will track provision of basic services to women.
Top
- Strengthening Public Accounting System II - 1915 1874, 27 Aug 2002
Gender issues are discussed in various portions of RRP. Loan covenant
ensures that measures to promote women's participation in training activities
and project monitoring will be undertaken.
Top
- Outer Island Transport Infrastructure Project - Loan 1948,
7 Nov 2002
Project will reduce poverty by providing improved access to basic
goods and services and will also increase income of producers
from the outer islands particularly women handicraft makers. Transport
and construction workers pose a risk in the transmission of HIV/AIDS.
Contractors are therefore required to provide education and information
dissemination to avoid spread of the disease and also provide
condoms to their workers. Another ADB project to set up a Women
and Youth Training Center in Majuro that will train about 800
women and 600 youth will become more accessible for women and
youth trainees from the outer islands. A more efficient transport
system will facilitate marketing of handicrafts produced by women
working closely with the Women's Development Office and two NGOs
(WUTMI and MIHA).
Top
- Private Sector Development Program - Loan 1874, 2001
Components for strengthening small business development centers and FSM Development Bank include expansion of outreach services to women and other groups, and an increase in the number/share of loans to women and other groups; provisions are reflected in the TOR for the senior small business development advisor (including preparation of training materials for women and other target groups) and program framework (including increase in number/share of loans to women).
- Basic Social Services Project - Loan 1816, 2000
The Project provides in-service training for public health nurses (mainly women) and primary health assistants (17-35% women depending on location). The project also supports mechanisms for increased community participation in prioritizing public health issues.
View Report and Recommendation to the President
Top
- Integrated Development of Basic Urban Services in Provincial
Towns Project - Loan 1907, 16 Jul 2002
Social assessment indicated women who are generally poor will
benefit through a community participation program, entrepreneurial
opportunities such as provision of bathhouse services in the ger
areas, and labor intensive project implementaion activities. The
national Federation of Women's Organizations in each project town
will be involved in consultative committees.
- Housing Finance Sector - Loan 1847, 2001
Female-headed households (FHH) are expected to account for about 30% of housing loan recipients under Part A of project, and women are generally expected to benefit from housing area upgrades under Part B. Only gender-specific design features are inclusion of FHH status in eligibility criteria for housing loans and provision of training for local government officials and communities, focusing on needs of FHH in development of additional housing area action plans.
View Report
and Recommendation to the President
- Rural Finance - Loan 1848, 2001
Social assessment during loan preparation found that savings
and credit unions (SCUs) are potentially very important for
women because of their difficulty accessing formal financial
institutions and need for loans for household emergencies and
expenses, which are not generally available from these institutions;
moreover, over 70% of existing SCUs were organized by women,
women represent 60-70% of current SCU members, and about 60%
of existing managerial positions in SCUs are held by women.
Project includes
no gender-specific design features; nevertheless, women may
benefit from low membership fee for new SCUs and a target of
at least 50% poor for training activities. General loan covenant
supports actions to ensure that women are encouraged to participate
in development of SCUs, including their establishment and management.
- Social Security Sector Development Project - Investment Loan
1837, 2001
See Loan 1836 for details on poverty impact assessment. Project includes support for community-based nursing homes; community-based welfare services aimed at the very poor, including single-parent families; and skills training and entrepreneurship development for the unemployed and poor. Close to 10,000 very poor unemployed (including mostly women) are expected to benefit from training under the project (although there is no provision for gender balance and no requirement to collect gender-disaggregated data).
- Social Security Sector Development Project - Program Loan
1836, 2001
Poverty impact assessment noted negative impact of Mongolia's economic transition on women, including loss of jobs in industry and agriculture, and increased caretaking responsibilities for sick, elderly and disabled family members due to reductions in health and social services; assessment also noted that about 40% of women receive social benefits compared to about 60% of men; assessment recommended that specific attention be paid to women's concerns, including their reproductive roles, greater household responsibilities, and greater economic vulnerability due to the loss of a spouse (from death, divorce or abandonment) and less stable wage-earning patterns, in considering social security reforms. Policy reform program does not expressly address gender issues, nor does it provide for collection of gender-disaggregated data to monitor impacts on women of the reforms (e.g., changes in eligibility criteria for social assistance to target the poor and other groups most in need, expanded eligibility for employment services, and phasing out of centralized social welfare institutions in favor of community-based and private sector approaches). Nonetheless, up to 230,000 people are expected to benefit from the reforms in social assistance and welfare policy, including pregnant and nursing mothers, mothers with many dependent children and single-headed households.
View Report and
Recommendation to the President
Top
- Road Network Development - Loan 1876, 2001
Poverty assessment included consultations with women, who identified indirect benefits from project through improved access to health facilities and schools; assessment also identified possible employment opportunities for women in road construction/maintenance and sale of food/water to road crews. Wherever possible, road construction will be undertaken by local road crews and implemented through village consultative forums; complementary activities include awareness-raising on preferred use of local labor, "alternative work opportunities" and "social damage resulting from undesirable social practices". Loan covenants require civil works contractors to comply with applicable labor laws, pay equal wages to men and women for work of equal value, not employ child labor, and include information on STDs and HIV/AIDS in health and safety programs at work campsites.
- Melamchi Water Supply Project - Loan 1820, 2000
Social Uplift Program will mitigate negative impacts of project and improve living conditions in Melamchi Valley; activities relevant to women include reproductive health, adult literacy, skills development, income generation, and anti-trafficking measures (for women and girls). At least one member of consultative committee for affected communities will be female; a gender strategy will also be developed to ensure women's participation and consideration of gender issues in project.
Top
- Rural Finance Sector Development Program - Project Loan - Loan 1988, 2002
Project loan provides institutional strenthening support to ZTBL(Zarai
Taraqiati Bank Limited), SBP(State Bank of Pakistan) and project
management unit of MOF(Ministry of Finance). Though Pakistan has no
gender-disaggregated poverty data, studies showed that women bear the
burden of poverty within family and household. Access to and control over
resources are limited as is women's mobility because of seclusion. Strategy
to address gender issues such as improved access to formal credit will
benefit women because new microfinance institutions will be mandated to
allocate 25% of loans to women. Improved access to lending and training
together with mobilization will encourage entry of women entrepreneurs in
rural economies. Increasing access for women will require additional staff
and this will create additional job opportunities for women.
- Road Sector Development Program - Provincial Sector Development Project
- Loan 1893, 2001
The Project includes a pilot project to develop community-based
approaches to involvement of local populations, especially women
and the poor, in road sector development, including group formation,
training in road construction and maintenance, savings mobilization
and training in other relevant areas (such as bookkeeping);
groups will be awarded labor contracts specifying construction
and maintenance responsibilities for a specified road length;
pilot project will be implemented with assistance of an NGO
experienced in social mobilization and rural development. Loan
covenants require that civil works contracts include provisions
on health, sanitation and working conditions for construction
workers, and that contractors comply with applicable labor laws,
including those on elimination of gender-differentiated wages,
and not use child labor.
- NWFP Urban Development Sector - Loan 1854, 2001
Socioeconomic survey during project preparation included interviews with female-headed households. Under community development and participation component, mechanisms will be developed for community participation, including consultation with women to identify needs and activities for operation/maintenance of public facilities (with support from community development advisor). Loan covenants require identification of social concerns in development of subprojects and mitigation of negative social impacts; monitoring of economic and social benefits of project for women.
Top
- Microfinance and Employment - Loan 1768, 2000
Project supports institutional strengthening, new product development and a revolving fund for microfinance institutions servicing poor women.
- Road Maintenance and Upgrading (Sector) Project - Loan 1709, 1999
Initial social assessment included gender analysis; priority will be given to women's and youth groups for road maintenance contracts under the project (included in terms of reference of the project implementation consultant and local community relations officers).
- Employment Oriented Skills Development - Loan 1706, 1999
Project will provide short-term skills training to 16,000 women and youth, which is expected to result in improved income-earning opportunities for both the unemployed and underemployed in rural and urban areas; a target of 40% women trainees is supported by a loan covenant.
Top
- Technical Education and Skills Development - Loan 1750, 2000
Under project, 50% of scholarships for technical education and skills development will be awarded to women; gender specialist will advise executing agency on improving recruitment, training, job placement and employment of women and other disadvantaged groups.
View Report and Recommendation to the President
- Pasig River Environmental Management & Rehabilitation Sector Development -Investment Loan 1746, 2000
Special study of gender impacts was carried out for resettlement plan, including consultations with affected women to identify alternative livelihood opportunities for them. Project implementation unit will monitor women's participation.
- Grains Sector Development Program - Loan 1739, 2000
Gender analysis during project implementation noted the growing number of women left with increasing farm management responsibilities as men from farm households migrate to cities and towns for better-paid work; however, lack of gender-disaggregated data about on-farm activities make it difficult to identify needs of marginalized women farmers (although IRRI is addressing gender issues in an ongoing project). At least 25% of farmers trained in integrated crop management (ICM) under the project must be women. Loan covenants support this target fro ICM training; also require that female heads of households be allowed to join irrigation associations (IAs), that at least one-fourth of IA officers be women, and that at least half of institutional development officers for the project be women.
View Report and Recommendation to the President
Top
- Small Business Development - Loan 1785, 2000
Rural women are expected to be primary beneficiaries of financial services, business training and advise under project; Women in Business Foundation (WIBF) will be contracted to provide small business development services and to administer loans from microfinance facility.
View Report and Recommendation to the President
Top
- Plantation Development Project - Loan 1913/1914, 13 Sept
2002
Social analysis showed that alcoholism leads to domestic violence
and poor health. Social awareness programs will increase gender
awareness and reduce the incidence of alcoholism and work management
conflicts. Improvement of working and living conditions will benefit
women. Strengthening EWHCS (Estate Workers Housing Cooperative
Societies) and other estate-level institutions will empower the
workers especially women. Loan covenant requires measures to ensure
adequate opportunities for women subborrowers of PFIs. - SME Sector Development Program (Lines of Credit) - Loan 1896, 2001
Poverty assessment included gender analysis, focusing on women entrepreneurs (about 13% of SME owners) and workers (between 1/3 and 2/3 of workers in SMEs). Sector development program framework includes target of at least 10% loans to women entrepreneurs, and RRP states that special consideration will be given to women entrepreneurs under both the Business Services Support Facility (BSSF) and ADB-financed lines of credit; however, the TOR for the BSSF and eligibility criteria for participating credit institutions (PCIs) only require monitoring and reporting on sub-borrowers based on gender-disaggregated data. Program loan agreement requires general compliance with ADB's social protection strategy and domestic labor laws; loan agreement for BSSF requires PCIs to provide non-discriminatory access to BSSF services for qualified SMEs and requires monitoring of a random sample of subloans for their impact on employment creation, the poor, women and other vulnerable groups; loan and project agreements for lines of credit require PCIs to monitor SME subborrowers and their employees based on gender-disaggregated data, and to select candidates for subloans that comply with ADB's social protection strategy and domestic labor laws on working hours, workplace health and safety, and child labor.
- Southern Province Rural Economic Advancement- Loan 1849, 2001
RRP states that women will be targeted to obtain microcredit and entrepreneurship training under Part I of project; TOR for lead technical support provider of entrepreneurship development services includes special promotional activities for women and youth; however, project design includes no requirements or targets for women's participation in Part I activities, no gender-specific eligibility criteria for participating financial institutions, and no reference to collection of gender-disaggregated data. Part II of project (road and market improvements) includes no gender considerations. Loan covenant requires general adherence to ADB's Guidelines on Gender and Development.
- Northeast Community Restoration and Development Project - Loan 1846, 2001
Social analysis during project preparation included in-depth examination of experience of internally displaced people, and noted increased burdens on women from limited access to water, disruption of income-generating activities, safety and security concerns in camps, and reduced access to health services; conflict has also increased the numbers of female-headed households in which women become the principal income earners. Subprojects to restore health facilities and services, water supply and sanitation, schools, individual and community shelters, and income-generation activities are likely to benefit women; moreover, subproject selection criteria include a requirement that the subproject should promote gender equity in access to basic services and place particular emphasis on women-headed households (supported by a loan covenant).
- Skills Development- Loan 1707, 1999
Self-employment promotion initiative (part of the "innovative interventions" component) requires 70% women beneficiaries; management information system for project includes gender-disaggregated database; government will ensure that preference is given to equally qualified women for vacancies and new positions in vocational training institutions. Loan covenants support all of these provisions.
Top
- Social Sector Rehabilitation - Loan 1705, 1999
Education component includes public information campaign to encourage girls' enrollment; health component includes rehabilitation of maternity wards in 20 district hospitals and public information campaign on safe motherhood; project also supports a $200,000 Women's Development Fund to provide small grants to women's community groups and NGOs to assist the poorest women in communities, such as female heads of households.
Top
- Education Sector Development Program Program Loan - Loan
1960, 22 Nov 2002
Poverty reduction mechanisms are integrated in the investment
project through school-based interventions that include school
rehabilitation program and community initiatives for education.
Women comprise 75% of school teachers but remain underrepresented
in upper-level staff categories and this is reflected in the policy
matrix. The Government will encourage the professional development
of qualified women and this will be reflected by an increase in
the proportion of women assuming leadership and management positions
in the education sector.
- Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) Investment Loan
- Loan 1961, 22 Nov 2002
Augmenting teacher opportunities for further training and career
development will principally benefit rural teachers especially
women who have little access to the formal in-service training
system.Improving teachers' status and service conditions reforming
the career development system, and expanding in-service training
opportunities will encourage a more balanced gender representation
in the profession. Loan covenant requires 70% of total beneficiaries
trained under the project will be women.
- Western Uzbekistan Rural Water Supply Project - Loan 1903, 11 Apr 2002
Improved living and health conditions brought about by the provision of
potable water supply, sanitation and improved personal hygiene will benefit
700,000 of the rural population in Karakalpalstan and Khorezm. Women are
target beneficiaries of the project and will be involved in various project
activities such as water conservation and public health awareness. Loan
covenant requires involvement of CBOs and NGOs to ensure women's
participation in various project implementation activities. Improved pit latrines
in selected village centers will be constructed in consultation with women's
commitees. A community development specialist in the PIUs will ensure that
women and the poor are fully involved
- Senior Secondary Education - Loan 1737, 2000
The Project
provides equitable access to senior secondary education for
girls and boys; equitable access to short and long-term international
training for female teachers; pilot distance education for both
female teachers and those serving in remote areas; and training
for text book authors on techniques for presenting gender roles
and issues.
Top
- Agriculture Sector Development Project - Loan 1973, 25 Nov
2002
Project loan will improve availability of and access to funds
for private agro-industry SMEs largely bypassed dby the formal
banking sector.
- Agriculture Sector Development Program - Loan 1972, 25 Nov
2002
Program aims to increase sustainable growth and rural development
through research and extension restructuring, development of agro-industry
SMEs, improving crop diversification, integration of post-harvest
systems and agroprocessing, and increased stakeholder participation
in extension and improved technology dissemination. Wider coverage
of extension service, hiring of women and ethnic minority extension
agents, and the adoption of more participatory methods will enhance
the coverage of poor farmers, and address the needs of female
farmers and ethnic minorities. Job creation and women empowerment
will be beneficial impacts of the increase in women extension
workers. Women will benefit from higher agricultural productivity
and modern production techniques and technologies as a result
of improved agricultural research and technology transfer.
- Provincial Roads Improvement Sector Project - Loan 1888, 2001
Project design
contemplates local participation in construction and maintenance
of provincial roads, and provides for small-scale improvements
in community infrastructure, agricultural extension and access
to credit under ethnic minority development plans; project framework
contemplates some involvement of the Women's Union in these
activities. RRP notes that improvements in transport links can
increase the risk of STD transmission; use of local labor, rather
than imported labor housed in temporary campsites, is expected
to reduce the risk of increased STD transmission in the project
area during road construction. Loan covenants require government
to set employment targets for women in road construction activities,
to pay equal wages for the same work, and to ensure that civil
works contracts require contractors to conduct information campaigns
on STDs and HIV/AIDS in campsites.
- Rural Enterprise Finance Project- Loan 1802, 2000
For loans to poor households, participating financial institutions will use a group-lending methodology and will not require traditional collateral; generally, they will not discriminate against women in provision of loans, will encourage women to borrow under their own names, and may use Viet Nam Women's Union and other mass organizations to assist with group formation, etc. Loan covenants support these design features.
- GMS:East-West Economic Corridor - Loan 1728, 1999
Gender analysis was conducted during project preparation to assess both positive and negative impacts on women. Improved roads are expected to provide women with more employment opportunities, better access to health, education and other basic services. Information campaigns and training will discourage trafficking in women and girls and the spread of HIV/AIDS; information campaigns and training are supported by loan covenants.
|
Topics 
Gender and Development 