Vehicle Emissions Reduction

Economic Costs of Particulate Matter

Modeling by the World Bank on the effects of PM10 in Metro Manila, Davao, Cebu and Baguio found that

• cost of pollution as a percentage of income ranges from 2.5% to 6.1%
• about 2,000 people die each year as a result of exposure to PM10. The model estimates an economic loss of about US$140 million
• about 9,000 people in these places suffer from chronic bronchitis. The model estimates an economic loss of about US$120 million
• number of people suffering from PM10 related respiratory symptoms is quite high. The model estimates an economic loss of about US$170 million
• total economic cost of PM10 exposure in these four places: US$430 million

Source: Philippines Environment Monitor 2002 Air Quality - Draft

Prevalence of Chronic Respiratory Illnesses, 1990-91

sample	COPD	PTD
jeepney drivers	32.5%	17.5%
aircon bus drivers	16.4%	11.5%
commuters	14.8%	9%

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
PTB - pulmonary tuberculosis

Source: Philippines Environment Monitor 2002 Air Quality - Draft (citing an epidemiology study conducted by UP College of Public Health with support from WHO)

A follow-up study in 1994 found that the pulmonary functions of school children in Metro Manila are more compromised than those of children in rural areas.