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Sectors and Themes Water Dams and Development E-paper
Examples of enhancing performanceSome examples of the many initiatives and examples from the Power, Irrigation and Water Supply sectors include: PowerIndia: Improvement of operation of existing facilities was a primary objective of ADB's loan for the State Power Sector Reform Project in India in 2002. Component to be financed included '(i) transmission and distribution rehabilitation, (ii) transmission and distribution facilities required for system expansion and reinforcement, and (iii) renovation and modernization of existing generating plants that are required for achieving compliance with environmental regulations and efficiency improvement'. Zambia: Power Sector rehabilitation project is one of the case studies in the World Bank's Sourcebook on Stakeholder Involvement in Options Assessment. 'Following a sector environmental scoping assessment study, a 'package' of technical efficiency, social rehabilitation, environmental restoration and dam safety measures were incorporated…' (p178) 'The experience of this project indicates that investment in new supply may be deferred when options such as efficiency improvements in the generation, transmission and distribution are considered.. In this case the total project investment of US$223 million had an ERR of 29 percent'. (p186). Norway: In the Glomma-Laagen Basin Study prepared for WCD, 'most of the power plants in the G&L basin have increased in production during their period of operation. Increased capacity is gained by installation of new units, by renewal of power stations or by the building of new power stations …. In Table 3.1 power stations upgraded during the last 20 years are presented with planned and actual production data. It should be noted that the period of operation so far is rather short to establish the proper average production to be compared to the planned one. For the 7 power stations in the table the installed capacity has increased from 426,1 to 862 MW (102%) and the production increased from 3042 to 3764,9 GWh (24%)'. (p25). IrrigationChina: Improvements in the productivity of water use for irrigation in the Zhang He Irrigation Project in China has meant water previously used in agriculture 'could be reallocated to higher valued uses (municipal, industry and hydropower)'. Research conducted by IWMI noted that even with the reduced allocation, 'agricultural production levels from the area did not drop substantially'. The productivity of irrigation increased from 0.82 in the 1960s/70s to 2.32 in the 1990s. Indonesia: In support of the sector reform process to promote sustainability of irrigation projects, ADB provided a loan to Indonesia in 2003 for the Participatory Irrigation Sector Project. It focuses on management of existing projects with the twin objectives of decentralized management of irrigation systems on a sustainable basis and increased yields of irrigated crops. CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food - 'One of the greatest challenges of our time is to provide food and environmental security. A vital step towards reaching this goal is to increase the productivity of water used for agriculture, leaving more water for other users and the environment - getting more crop per drop. The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food approaches this challenge from a research perspective.' Water supplyCambodia: A combination of institutional reforms, rehabilitation and new investment combined to bring a "changing of culture" to Phnom Penh's Water Supply. With ADB support, the program encompassed:
Examples of water saving technologies and conservation practices are summarized in WCD Thematic Review 4.3 Assessment of Water Supply Options. For example. 'In England and Wales where consumption averages around 150 [litres per capita per day] lcd, the greater emphasis has been on leakage management. The 1995/96 drought and mandatory leakage targets have reduced leakage by 1500 Ml/d in 4 years, equivalent to around 29 lcd. (p.22)
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