Indonesia : Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management II

Agriculture, natural resources and rural development / Water-based natural resources management

The coastal zone in Indonesia is a highly productive ecosystem that serves as an important base for the country?s economic growth. Coastal habitats play an important role in the daily lives of the people in in terms of livelihood, economic output, and food production. The Indonesian coastal and marine sector is beset with a number of problems that need to be addressed to ensure its sustainable development and management. Foremost among these are the two critical and interrelated issues of pervasive poverty in coastal communities and resource degradation. The proposed Project is the Acceleration Phase of a national coral healthy coral reef ecosystems and prosperous coastal communities.

The Project support the Government's priority on poverty reduction in coastal communities and the shift in focus from resource utilization to resource protection, conservation, and sustainable management. The Project is the second of planned three phases of multi-year initiatives funded by multiple agencies to strengthen the management and conservation of Indonesia's coral reefs and associated ecosystems. The Project is in line with the Government's Medium-term- Development Program (2001-2005) and the Guidelines of State Policy (1999-2004). It will assist the Government's poverty reduction thrust, which gives priority to developing income generating activities in the coastal zone and small islands particularly for small-scale fishers.

(i) Coral reefs and associated ecosystems rehabilitated, protected, and well-managed.

(ii) Lower incidence of poverty in coastal communities.

1. Enhanced national and local capacity to manage coral reef resources and effectively managed priority reef areas

2. Increased income and improved living standards of poor coastal communities

Live coral cover in most sites has increased by more than 2 percent per year. Few years after the tsunami and earthquake in Nias, Nias Selatan, and Mentawai, live coral cover has increased approximately 2.5 percent per year in these sites. In Natuna and Bintan, live coral cover has increased by about 2.7 percent per year and has achieved optimum level, while that in Batam and Lingga, the optimum level of about 50 percent live coral cover has been maintained. Live coral cover in Tapteng has also been maintained at 40 50 percent which is the optimum level for sites near a mainland like Tapteng. Fluctuations in coral cover among healthy coral reefs may be observed but these are considered as natural phenomena.

Socio-economic assessments from 2005 to 2009 show that there is great variation in the annual growth rate of per capita income in the project areas (from 24.9 percent in Bintan Timur to -4.4 percent in Pulau Tiga, Natuna). Per capita income in two locations (Bintan and Nias Utara) increased more than 2 percent per year, and the annual growth rate in 3 locations (Mentawai, Batam and Nias Selatan) increased below 2 per cent. Per capita income in Tapanuli Tengah, Natuna and Lingga decreased from 0.9 to 4.4 per cent per year. One of the reasons in the decrease in per capita income in Natuna is the decline in income coming from destructive fishing as a result of reduction of such activities. In the case of Lingga and Tapteng (Sitardas and Jago-jago), returns from alternative livelihood activities have not totally covered the lost income from capture fisheries due to the decrease in fish catch.

Two hundred and sixty four (264) social infrastructures have been provided to the 57 project villages, with most of them receiving 3 to 4 types of facilities, the most common of which are village information centers (56), MCS patrol boats (58), clean water supply (39), sanitation facilities (37) and jetty/wharf (33). The information centers in many villages are not only being used by the LPSTKs but by the other sectors of the community as well like the village head, the women groups and other projects. Technical and input assistance have been provided to more than 7,000 persons. EA estimates that a total of 7,200 persons could be assisted by the end of project implementation period in 31 December 2011. This performance, as against the target of 10,000 people, could be near the maximum level that the project could attain. The 7,200 persons that could be assisted by the end of project implementation period would represent about 99 percent of these fishing dependent households.

Component 1: Institutional Strengthening and Project Management

Output 1 - National and regional governments strengthened in the development of policies, strategies, and guidelines for sustainable coral reef management.

Component 1: Institutional Strengthening and Project Management

Output 2 - Network of coral reef information and training centers (CRITCs) established

Component 1: Institutional Strengthening and Project Management

Output 3 - HRD and extension programs developed and implemented

Component 1: Institutional Strengthening and Project Management

Output 4 - Project activities implemented on time

Component 2: Community-Based Resource Management and Development

Output 1 - Coastal communities organized and empowered for coral reef management

Component 2: Commmunity-Based Resource Management and Development

Output 2 - CRMPs formulated and implemented by organized communities

Component 2: Community-Based Resource Management and Development

Output 3 - Community social infrastructure facilities and services provided to coastal communities at project sites

Component 2: Community-Based Resource Management and Development

Output 4 - Livelihood and income-generating activities established and operated by coastal communities in target areas

- The Ministerial Decree No. 17/2008 Conservation Areas in Coastal and Small Islands has been issued on September 2008.

- Strategic Plans on Coral Reef Management (Renstras) have been issued by the Bupatis in six districts and are being implemented through the District Medium-Term Development Plans (RPJMDs) and various marine resources management activities such as the Marine Management Areas (KKLDs) and local MCS.

- The government regulation on Fisheries Resource Management has been issued through PP 60/2007.

- Local ordinances (PERDAs) have been passed in Natuna, Tapteng, Bintan, Mentawai, Batam, Sumbar and Kepri. That of Nias Selatan has been approved by DPRD and has been submitted to the governor for notification.

- Detailed Coral Reef Management Plans (RPTKs) have been prepared and are being implemented in 57 villages (under 8 project districts).

- SK Bupati delineating MMAs in 7 districts have been done. MMA Plans have been prepared in Nias Selatan, Tapteng, Mentawai, Batam, Bintan and Natuna.

- A national and 8 regional CRITCs have been established.

- Reef health and socio-economic surveys are being conducted regularly as planned. CREEL is now operational in all districts.

- Institutional Assessment completed. A Comprehensive Training Plan prepared and submitted to ADB and was approved in 2007. About 1,500 personnel of MMAF, LIPI and other agencies have been trained on coral reef management; About 400 NGO staff and 800 personnel from the private sector have also been trained.

- Community groups have been formed in 57 coastal villages. More than 7,800 people from coastal communities have participated in formal trainings conducted by PMO, RCUs and PIUs on coral reef management and livelihood development. In addition to these, NGOs and LIPI also provided formal trainings involving 800 and 150 people in coastal communities, respectively.

- site-specific coral reef resource surveys are being done regularly in 17 sites. Moreover, coral reef health surveys are also being conducted annually by the district CRITCs in the DPLs of each of the 57 project villages.

- 7 KKLDs covering more than 130,000 ha of coral reefs and associated ecosystems have been declared through Bupati Decrees. Moreover, management plans have been prepared for these KKLDs. Community-based MCS are protecting portions of these KKLDs, particularly those within the village waters and in the DPLs.

- Community-based MCS is being implemented in all of the 57 project villages in 9 districts (originally 8 districts due to the subdivision of Nias); 75 percent of respondents in a 2009 survey say that destructive fishing activities have been significantly reduced. Discussions with community and Pokmas leaders reveal that known incidence of illegal fishing activities has decreased by more than 50 percent.

- 264 social infrastructures have been provided to the 57 project villages, with most of them receiving 3 to 4 types of facilities, the most common of which are village information centers (56), MCS patrol boats (58), clean water supply (39), sanitation facilities (37) and jetty/wharf (33).

- Technical and input assistance have been provided to more than 7,000 persons. EA estimates that a total of 7,200 persons could be assisted by the end of project implementation period on 31 December 2011.

The Project expects no activity that will require resettlement.

A Social Infrastructure Development Plan has been prepared by PMO and RPIUs. Although very unlikely, in case of resettlement issues occur, any decision to be reached shall take into consideration the local community's desires and aspirations.

Plan for monitoring the application of the monitoring criteria in consultation with village organization will be prepared by PMO and RPIUs.

The construction of social infrastructure facilities being monitored in light of ADB's Resettlement Policy and as part of the project implementation progress thru QPRs.

PMO has included in the project sites Tambelan islands for indigenous people in P. Laut, and Saibi Samukop and Saliguma in Siberut island for indigenous people of Mentawai

Monitoring mechanisms will incorporate consultation, participation and empowerment of indigenous people beneficiaries in Project activities including community-based law enforcement and microenterprise training.