Bilateral Remittance Inflows to Asia and the Pacific: Countercyclicality and Motivations to Remit

Publication | May 2022
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Bilateral remittance inflows are countercyclical against the business cycle of a remittance-receiving country relative to a sending country.

We examine the countercyclicality of remittance inflows to the countries in Asia and the Pacific. We also identify major determinants of remittances using gravity models of bilateral remittances. We find that bilateral remittance inflows are countercyclical against the business cycle of a remittance-receiving country relative to a sending country. The degree to which remittances are countercyclical is found to vary significantly by subregion: Central Asia and Southeast Asia, including many remittance-dependent countries, show stronger countercyclicality than other subregions. The estimated models suggest that migrant stock is a top determinant of remittances, and that an increase in bilateral remittances is explained by a higher occurrence of disasters caused by natural hazards in receiving countries, appreciation of a receiving country’s currency value against that of the sending country, lower interest rate differential (receiver–sender), greater capital account openness and higher political instability, and lower costs of remittances. This suggests that an altruistic motivation to remit prevails in the region. We also find that the countercyclicality of remittances rises when recipient countries experience more frequent disasters, a higher old-age dependence ratio, less stringent capital control, and stable political climate.

WORKING PAPER NO: 1315

Additional Details

Authors
Type
Series
Subjects
  • Finance sector development
  • Governance and public sector management
Countries/Economies
  • Afghanistan
  • Armenia
  • Azerbaijan
  • Bangladesh
  • Bhutan
  • Brunei Darussalam
  • Cambodia
  • China, People's Republic of
  • Fiji
  • Georgia
  • Hong Kong, China
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Kazakhstan
  • Kiribati
  • Korea, Republic of
  • Kyrgyz Republic
  • Lao People's Democratic Republic
  • Malaysia
  • Maldives
  • Marshall Islands
  • Micronesia, Federated States of
  • Mongolia
  • Myanmar
  • Nepal
  • Niue
  • Pakistan
  • Palau
  • Papua New Guinea
  • Philippines
  • Samoa
  • Singapore
  • Solomon Islands
  • Sri Lanka
  • Tajikistan
  • Thailand
  • Timor-Leste
  • Tonga
  • Turkmenistan
  • Tuvalu
  • Uzbekistan
  • Vanuatu
  • Viet Nam