Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring and Its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia
Publication | May 2012
This study documents the scale and nature of shadow education in different parts of the region. Shadow education has been a major phenomenon in East Asia and it has far-reaching economic and social implications.
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In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to private supplementary tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students' achievement, but it also maintains and exacerbates social inequalities, diverts resources from other uses, and can contribute to inefficiencies in education systems.
Such tutoring is widely called shadow education, because it mimics school systems. As the curriculum in the school system changes, so does the shadow.
Contents
- Preface
- Executive Summary
- Introduction
- Mapping the Landscape
- Demand and Supply
- Impact of Shadow Education
- Implications for Policy Makers
- Conclusions
- References
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